MS ended up getting me a solution, I tried the install anyway on a backup of the bad version of the disk, it still failed.
The solution was to correct missing data for a REG_SZ registry value under this key:
HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Component Based Servicing\ComponentDetect\amd64_microsoft-windows-p..i-ntprint.resources_31bf3856ad364e35_0.0.0.0_en-us_f2f68292b685eb6d
REG_SZ value was:
Package_1026_for_KB4499151~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~6.3.1.9.4499151-1589_neutral_GDR
Missing data was the same as other values in that key:
6.3.9600.18790@4
Looks like a VMware Tools upgrade messed up our system, we did it last month on this system, and that one little registry value was mucking things up.
Thank you so much for your help, I'm sure you would have pinpointed it, that I have no doubt of! This forum is great!