Hi Xent, attached is the CBS.log which was generated after the SFC scan. It still shows there are still files which it cannot repair. The SFC scan was done after doing the online restorehealth, as suggested by you.
1. Unable to update. It can download and install the updates. But after the restart, it will go into a loop and undo all the installed updates.
2. I also experience BSOD from an issue - 'KERNEL-POWER Event ID 41'.