The CBS log looks OK.
As always, make sure you have a good backup of anything important before following these instructions.
***DO NOT CONTINUE IF YOU WANT TO ROLL BACK TO A PREVIOUS BUILD/VERSION OF WINDOWS!***
Let's try this:
Run Disk Cleanup:
Disk cleanup in Windows 10 - Windows Help -
Click the "Clean up System Files" button.
Check the boxes for 'Previous Windows Installations" and "Temporary Windows Installation Files".
Click OK.
After Disk Cleanup finishes, try running setup from the ISO again.