Hi,
There are a lot of problems with this system, 1) the Recovery Partition is missing, 2) the Windows Recovery Environment is disabled, 3) there are multiple issues with problematic drivers. The best way to fix all those problems is to reinstall your system. In post #8 you said, that a clean install is not an option, because you need some old applications for work.
What you can do, is:
1. Disconnect your current SSD and install Windows 10 on a new SSD drive.
2. Connect your current SSD to the system.
2. With the Bios Boot Selector (BBS) you can start from both SSD's whitout a bootloader.
3. In this way you can migrate all the software and re-configure the new installation, when you have the time for it.
In your situation, this is the best way I think to reinstall Windows without any downtime of the old and corrupt installation.
Sorry we were unable to help you to solve this update problem.