From your CBS log from SFC, it looks like all the default Windows shortcuts in C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs (and their companion files in C:\Windows\WinSxS) are corrupt. Version information on them all appear to be from the Windows 10 rollup update 1511 package. Unrepaired files from an SFC scan will cause DISM to error out with that 800F081F error.