Seems that if the only trouble was with the network profile, then Chrome should have had the same issue (shouldn't have been able to connect). The issues concerning the tie-ins with your Microsoft account could account for some of the difficulty, but I haven't seen that yet - perhaps others have.
If you are connecting by a wired Ethernet cable, you should be able to change its type to "Private" (which would allow network devices discovery) from its likely current setting ("Public"). In Settings - Network & Internet - Ethernet - Find devices and content, change the setting to "On".
If you are connecting wirelessly, click on WiFi, VPN, or cellular dial-up - select the appropriate icon, and change the "Find devices and content" to "On" for the network you are connecting to.
A network should show up when you rest your pointer over the network icon in the System tray (or "Notification Area"). Whatever network that identifies is the first one that you'll want to change.
If no network shows, even when you are connected to the Internet - something is truly wrong. Edge & Cortana can't be removed by any of the normal means [the PowerShell methods work best for any of the built-in Universal-type System apps except Edge & Cortana]. The few users who've been successful with the Edge "re-install" first had to manually remove (delete) the packages first, and then run the PowerShell "Get-AppXPackage..." commands. The same procedure might work for Cortana as well ... but I haven't heard of anyone trying that one yet.
If you can't find the network you are connected to in Settings ... try removing all of the networks listed, in each category, and then remove your network adapter used for that connection from Device Manager. That should force Windows to re-detect and re-install it, and allow you to re-detect and configure the networks it finds after the re-installation.
You could try the DISM redo again, should the above not work.
If the DISM fails, it seems like time for a recovery method that saves your data. If you haven't tried any System Restore points from prior to the one you last restored to, you could try an older one. A System Reset saving personal files would likely work, but programs would have to be reinstalled.
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One other possibility - that I haven't mentioned yet. Is it possible that you happened to connect to different networks when using Chrome vs. Edge? If a network is listed as "Unidentified", it will likely not have Internet access. Usually updating the network adapter's driver to the latest Windows 10 compatible driver works.
Hope it works out. The reset nearly always works - but then you'd have to reinstall things.
