I used Microsoft backup. The link you provided is more about making backups, while I have a problem with restoring. Anyway I'll try to alter the locales and registry in the rescue environment.
Update: I managed to restore an older backup of Windows 8.1 from before upgrade to Windows 10. I used Windows 8.1 DVD for the restore.
The difference between an old image and the new one is that after upgrade to Windows 10 I removed an optical drive and replaced it with a SSD which I was using for page file and ReadyBoost. Also, Windows 8.1 had 3 partitions, while after upgrade to Windows 10 I noticed that there's some additional 4th partition (so there were 2 restore or EFI partitions, not sure which), but the backup image of Windows 10 still consists of 3 VHDX files. The image of Windows 10 isn't an image made from a scratch - when I was setting up the backup I simply pointed to the old 8.1 image and Windows 10 was making its images on top of the old one (I wanted it to backup the differences only, to avoid huge transfer of the whole drive).
Anyway, as I already stated I'm sure that VHDX of Windows 10 isn't corrupted. It's probably some problem with XML metadata so the restore procedure can't recreate proper partition layout corresponding with images, or something.