I think I might have made progress, but I'm not sure that I completely fixed my problem (I'll attach the new CBS.log).
Before originally posting, I tried to access Windows Update, but was unable to, due to system errors. While waiting for a response here, I continued to search for answers. I was eventually able to access Windows Update. Unbeknownst to me, there had been a failure to apply the 1903 update earlier, so I retried, and this time it installed correctly. I then ran scf /scannow and DISM commands again, and it appears that my issue may be resolved. I'll post the results below, in case they are of some use.
Although sfc /scannow eventually reported that "Windows Resource Protection did not find any integrity violations," SFCFix still crashes due to an unhandled exception. I don't want to assume that everything is OK, or that I still have a problem. Any advice would be appreciated.
Microsoft Windows [Version 10.0.18362.295]
(c) 2019 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
C:\WINDOWS\system32>sfc /scannow
Beginning system scan. This process will take some time.
Beginning verification phase of system scan.
Verification 100% complete.
Windows Resource Protection found corrupt files but was unable to fix some of them.
For online repairs, details are included in the CBS log file located at
windir\Logs\CBS\CBS.log. For example C:\Windows\Logs\CBS\CBS.log. For offline
repairs, details are included in the log file provided by the /OFFLOGFILE flag.
C:\WINDOWS\system32>DISM /Online /Cleanup-Image /CheckHealth
Deployment Image Servicing and Management tool
Version: 10.0.18362.1
Image Version: 10.0.18362.295
No component store corruption detected.
The operation completed successfully.
C:\WINDOWS\system32>
C:\WINDOWS\system32>DISM /Online /Cleanup-Image /ScanHealth
Deployment Image Servicing and Management tool
Version: 10.0.18362.1
Image Version: 10.0.18362.295
[==========================100.0%==========================] The component store is repairable.
The operation completed successfully.
C:\WINDOWS\system32>
C:\WINDOWS\system32>DISM /Online /Cleanup-Image /RestoreHealth
Deployment Image Servicing and Management tool
Version: 10.0.18362.1
Image Version: 10.0.18362.295
[==========================100.0%==========================] The restore operation completed successfully.
The operation completed successfully.
C:\WINDOWS\system32>
C:\WINDOWS\system32>DISM /Online /Cleanup-Image /RestoreHealth
Deployment Image Servicing and Management tool
Version: 10.0.18362.1
Image Version: 10.0.18362.295
[==========================100.0%==========================] The restore operation completed successfully.
The operation completed successfully.
C:\WINDOWS\system32>
C:\WINDOWS\system32>sfc /scannow
Beginning system scan. This process will take some time.
Beginning verification phase of system scan.
Verification 100% complete.
Windows Resource Protection found corrupt files and successfully repaired them.
For online repairs, details are included in the CBS log file located at
windir\Logs\CBS\CBS.log. For example C:\Windows\Logs\CBS\CBS.log. For offline
repairs, details are included in the log file provided by the /OFFLOGFILE flag.
C:\WINDOWS\system32>sfc /scannow
Beginning system scan. This process will take some time.
Beginning verification phase of system scan.
Verification 100% complete.
Windows Resource Protection did not find any integrity violations.
C:\WINDOWS\system32>
