I tried running DISM.exe /Online /Cleanup-image /Scanhealth
Result: Error: 0x8000ffff
DISM failed. No operation was performed.
For more information, review the log file at C:\Windows\Logs\DISM\dism.log
Looked through it at one point it referred to C:\Windows\Logs\CBS\CBS.log for more info. In there I found:
2022-01-14 16:58:29, Info CSI 00000003 StoreCorruptionRepair transaction begun. WcpVersion: [l:41]'10.0.14393.3744 (rs1_release.200514-1751)'.
2022-01-14 16:58:29, Info CSI 00000004@2022/1/14:22:58:29.936 Starting corruption detection (InnerFlags=5)
2022-01-14 16:58:29, Info CBS FLOW: Entering stage: CheckCsi
2022-01-14 16:59:03, Info CBS Winlogon: TiCoreOnCreateSession has been called
2022-01-14 17:11:27, Info CSI 00000005 Hashes for file member \SystemRoot\WinSxS\amd64_windows-defender-management-powershell_31bf3856ad364e35_10.0.14393.0_none_1137c685b804c9a3\MSFT_MpThreatCatalog.cdxml do not match actual file [l:26]'MSFT_MpThreatCatalog.cdxml' :
Found: {l:32 /4u949dHRavEuL72J4xGvZu6BcLmHw6wM3h0Q83oD0Q=} Expected: {l:32 EG1FlULD7H3Zt+VF10pKmPCtdMfbahMzz82RaOKjwHY=}
2022-01-14 17:11:27, Info CSI 00000006 Hashes for file member \SystemRoot\WinSxS\amd64_windows-defender-management-powershell_31bf3856ad364e35_10.0.14393.0_none_1137c685b804c9a3\Defender.psd1 do not match actual file [l:13]'Defender.psd1' :
Found: {l:32 sJYRL7pOOrzeh61t/IQ8fi10+0aRJaAEBOEvvl8FTss=} Expected: {l:32 SsIaLRmRVHiEjS8RMoQAygj7Gsj8861DFPUlawqGoH0=}
2022-01-14 17:11:28, Info CSI 00000007 Hashes for file member \SystemRoot\WinSxS\amd64_windows-defender-management-powershell_31bf3856ad364e35_10.0.14393.0_none_1137c685b804c9a3\MSFT_MpWDOScan.cdxml do not match actual file [l:20]'MSFT_MpWDOScan.cdxml' :
Found: {l:32 Bk2MYuHWE1JKtvQU1JBrp32O78S6K646x5azMysWgew=} Expected: {l:32 gN3soJxshc3kBr2TUsJMtspYqxcGIVlxPwWRxG+nuf0=}
2022-01-14 17:11:28, Info CSI 00000008 Hashes for file member \SystemRoot\WinSxS\amd64_windows-defender-management-powershell_31bf3856ad364e35_10.0.14393.0_none_1137c685b804c9a3\MSFT_MpSignature.cdxml do not match actual file [l:22]'MSFT_MpSignature.cdxml' :
Found: {l:32 lWqGnQBu8rR34UaDW+/qnp2mryYFBjieec6KZpkG8LM=} Expected: {l:32 27hKBIml3+7LToUEEqq7cucl5fiTGdnhWKi6qb5kcNo=}
2022-01-14 17:11:28, Info CSI 00000009 Hashes for file member \SystemRoot\WinSxS\amd64_windows-defender-management-powershell_31bf3856ad364e35_10.0.14393.0_none_1137c685b804c9a3\MSFT_MpThreat.cdxml do not match actual file [l:19]'MSFT_MpThreat.cdxml' :
Found: {l:32 3S3s28bsA1fdvZUq08KcCgX8c2i62zd2SLuPCWTu3uw=} Expected: {l:32 rllSNoMqOITSqj+RNFSsb/THNfVegZx/ORyUtlMoH5I=}
2022-01-14 17:11:28, Info CSI 0000000a Hashes for file member \SystemRoot\WinSxS\amd64_windows-defender-management-powershell_31bf3856ad364e35_10.0.14393.0_none_1137c685b804c9a3\MSFT_MpComputerStatus.cdxml do not match actual file [l:27]'MSFT_MpComputerStatus.cdxml' :
Found: {l:32 y/ymyxS1qE9b0wy8mwXwCPSRblSjOlE/zt+L/5AAL10=} Expected: {l:32 JQpYuexsMn59Flzsvbrgsf3KIDzTQtuhJhZSe0ekRIY=}
2022-01-14 17:11:28, Info CSI 0000000b Hashes for file member \SystemRoot\WinSxS\amd64_windows-defender-management-powershell_31bf3856ad364e35_10.0.14393.0_none_1137c685b804c9a3\MSFT_MpScan.cdxml do not match actual file [l:17]'MSFT_MpScan.cdxml' :
Found: {l:32 UqFDoLy5VMfsizUETvkoQFXHXn4v4xbLqhINZlwGsac=} Expected: {l:32 onYwVmaE7nmvQaxo3HC72//JaLJImqFr4ND6Dg7M8Mg=}
2022-01-14 17:11:28, Info CSI 0000000c Hashes for file member \SystemRoot\WinSxS\amd64_windows-defender-management-powershell_31bf3856ad364e35_10.0.14393.0_none_1137c685b804c9a3\MSFT_MpThreatDetection.cdxml do not match actual file [l:28]'MSFT_MpThreatDetection.cdxml' :
Found: {l:32 PAgqVc0OLYNXZLtVw1KSJ3s8OnqQlUMSOpt1vd9+8g8=} Expected: {l:32 oZvwAOuVDd2EOMMFYsD6bzwISEMvVaIZ7z15swKqbPE=}
2022-01-14 17:11:28, Info CSI 0000000d Hashes for file member \SystemRoot\WinSxS\amd64_windows-defender-management-powershell_31bf3856ad364e35_10.0.14393.0_none_1137c685b804c9a3\MSFT_MpPreference.cdxml do not match actual file [l:23]'MSFT_MpPreference.cdxml' :
Found: {l:32 3VV5hrUQdPPkt9XAkjkDvxC6kZoSNWBfXLqKSbBe8H0=} Expected: {l:32 zbiTyZoXoGxGmd+AOLbOJqmYHoTwkMkcKkoXw+Uz/ng=}
2022-01-14 17:11:29, Warning CBS Current tick count lower than last tick count. [HRESULT = 0x8007000d - ERROR_INVALID_DATA]
2022-01-14 17:11:29, Info CSI 0000000e@2022/1/14:23:11:29.922 Corruption detection complete. numCorruptions = 9, Disp = 1.
2022-01-14 17:11:29, Info CBS Repr: CSI meta data corruption found, will commit repair transaction if repair is asked.
2022-01-14 17:11:29, Info CSI 0000000f Transaction merge required, do-not-merge flag passed.
2022-01-14 17:11:29, Info CSI 00000010@2022/1/14:23:11:29.933 CSI Transaction @0x26ceb7dede0 initialized for deployment engine {d16d444c-56d8-11d5-882d-0080c847b195} with flags 00000000 and client id 'TI5.30935450_300963947:1/'
2022-01-14 17:11:29, Info CSI 00000011 Pending transaction content must be resolved, cannot begin another transaction yet
2022-01-14 17:11:29, Error CSI 00000012 (F) E_UNEXPECTED #5203700# from Windows::COM::CComponentStore::InternalTransact(...)[gle=0x8000ffff]
2022-01-14 17:11:29, Error CSI 00000013@2022/1/14:23:11:29.934 (F) onecore\base\wcp\componentstore\com\store.cpp(4765): Error E_UNEXPECTED originated in function Windows::COM::CComponentStore::InternalTransact expression: ((HRESULT)0x8000FFFFL) [gle=0x80004005]
So I don't know if this is the root or only cause but it appears there are corrupted defender files in the Component Store causing problems.