I decided to examine the CBS log myself. I found an error referring to a problem with KB5004954.
From CBS.log:
2022-08-24 22:36:52, Info CBS Store corruption, manifest missing for package: Package_1783_for_KB5004954~31bf3856ad364e35~amd64~~6.3.1.0
Installing KB5004954 resolved the issue and the latest rollup installed with no errors. Hopefully this helps someone with the same issue.